A Z table uses statistical information taken from a sampling of data to make predictions about the overall population from which the sample was taken. Specifically, the Z table estimates how much data (expressed as a probability or percentage) will fall above or below a given value of interest in the population. Z table predictions assume that the population data is normally distributed, and that the sample data is in fact representative of the population.
standard normal curve and area provided by the z tables on this site
Z tables are used in a number of applications where predictions must be made based on limited data. For example, manufacturing businesses use Z tables for predicting long term defect rates on products, based on data sampled during or after the production process.
How to Read a Z Table
1. Every Z table should have a diagram that shows exactly which area is being displayed on the table. For example, the Z tables referenced on this site show the following diagram on each table -
a diagram similar to this should accompany a Z table
2. Check to ensure that your sample data is normally distributed. If the data is not normally distributed, then there is a good chance that any predictions made with the Z table will be erroneous. Also plot the data in a histogram to look for any abnormalities (data entry errors, etc) that will need to be addressed.
3. Calculate the average and standard deviation of the sample data.
4. Calculate the Z value using the formula Z= (x-μ)/σ, where x is the point of interest, μ us the average, and σ is the standard deviation.
5. Look up the value on the Z table to find the appropriate area. For example, a Z value of -1.94 (highlighted in yellow) has an area of 0.026, or 2.6% of all data, to the left of Z. Note the that -1.9 Z value is found by moving down Z column, and then the -1.94 value is found by staying in the 1.9 row and moving over to the 0.04 column.
how to find a z value on a z table